Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) belongs to the Plantaginaceae family. While it is a perennial plant, it is often cultivated as an annual, especially in regions with cold winters. This study aimed to investigate the combined effects of different LED light spectra and carbon nanotube concentrations on the physiological characteristics of snapdragon plants. This experiment was conducted under controlLED conditions using a CRD_ based factorial design with 4 replications. Treatments included various LED light combinations (white, blue, red, and their 80% blue light + 20% red light, 60% blue light + 40% red light, 40% blue light + 60% red light and 20% blue light + 80% red lightcombinations) and 3 concentrations of carbon nanotubes (control, 50 and 100 mg/liter). Evaluated parameters were chlorophyll content, stomatal conductivity, and chlorophyll fluorescence. Results indicated that both LED light spectra and carbon nanotubes, significantly influenced the growth and physiological responses of snapdragon plants. Specific findings include: LED light spectra had varying effects on chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, and fluorescence. Generally, blue light enhanced vegetative growth, while red light influenced flowering and biomass accumulation. The combination of red and blue light often yielded optimal results. Carbon nanotubes, particularly at higher concentrations, affected stomatal conductance and fluorescence. Their interaction with light treatments further modulated plant responses. Chlorophyll content, a key indicator of photosynthetic efficiency, was significantly affected by both light and nanotube treatments. Stomatal conductance, which regulates gas exchange, was also influenced. Fluorescence measurements provided insights into the efficiency of light energy utilization in photosynthesis. Overall, this study demonstrated that the combination of LED lights and carbon nanotubes can be an edfficient tool for manipulating plant growth and physiology. The optimal light spectrum and carbon nanotube concentration varied depending on the parameter being investigated. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the complex interactions between light, nanomaterials, and plant growth, and have potential applications in controlLED environment agriculture and plant biotechnology.

Background and Aim: Polymerization of resin - based dental materials is not complete; and the release of unreacted monomers has undesirable effects on biocompatibility and integrity of material. The aim of this study was to evaluate the type and effect of dentin bonding agents, type of light curing unit, the distance between the tip of curing unit and surface of bonding agents on monomer leaching.Materials and Methods: This experimental study used 40 sound extracted teeth, with prepared cavities about 3x3x2 and 3x3x4 mm on the smooth surfaces. A self - etch bonding (Clearfil SE Bond Curary, Japan) and one etch and rinse (Scotch Bond multipurpose, USA) were applied on cavities according to the manufacturer’s instruction. The bonding agents were cured with halogen (Optilux 501, Colten) and LED (Ultalume 2, Vivadent) lights. The samples were saved in pure methanol with 37oC for 24h. Liquids were studied with gas chromatography (GC) for detection of different monomers. Data were analyzed using 3-Way ANOVA and Independent T-tests.Results: The type of bonding agent had significant effect on monomer release. Scotch Bond released more monomer than Clearfil SE Bond (P=0.001). The effect of light curing unit on monomer leaching was not significant, but the samples of Scotch Bond with more distance released more monomer. Only HEMA monomer was detected from dentin bonding agents in this study.Conclusion: Scotch Bond released more HEMA than Clearfil SE Bond. Halogen and LED lights had no significant effect on monomer leaching. More distance between the tips of light causes less degree of polymerization.

Introduction: This in vitro study was designed to measure and compare the amount of temperature rise in the pulp chamber of the teeth exposed to different light curing units (LCU), which are being used for curing composite restorations.Methods: The study was performed in two settings; first, an in vitro and second was mimicking an in vivo situation. In the first setup of the study, three groups were formed according to the respective three light curing sources. i.e. quartz-tungsten-halogen (QTH) unit and two light-emitting diode (LED) units (second and third generations). In the in vitro setting, direct thermal emission from three light sources at 3 mm and 6 mm distances, was measured with a k-type thermocouple, and connected to a digital thermometer. For a simulation of an in vivo situation, 30 premolar teeth were used. Class I Occlusal cavity of all the teeth were prepared and they were restored with incremental curing of composite, after bonding agent application. While curing the bonding agent and composite in layers, the intrapulpal temperature rise was simultaneously measured with a k-type thermocouple.Results: The first setting of the study showed that the heat produced by irradiation with LCU was significantly less at 6 mm distance when compared to 3 mm distance. The second setting of the study showed that the rise of intrapulpal temperature was significantly less with third generation LED light cure units than with second generation LED and QTH light cure units.Conclusion: As the distance from the light source increases, less irradiation heat is produced. Third generation LED lights cause the least temperature change in the pulp chamber of single rooted teeth.

Nowadays, using photovoltaic-powered Light Emitting Diode (LED) street lights is spreading owing to their higher efficiency and longer lifetime. In this paper, the Zeta-Sepic converter is used to manage an LED light, a PV panel, and a battery storage in these systems since it offers compact and single-stage power conversion. The PV panel and LED light are connected to the converter input port using a simple relay, while the battery source is put at the converter output port. During the day, the PV panel energy is saved in the battery through the converter forward direction power flow. Besides, by the converter reverse direction power flow the battery supplies the LED light with the required power during night. For these operation cases, voltage regulation is realizable at both converter input and output ports. This performance provides MPPT to the PV panel, State of Charge (SOC) control for the battery and light control with the LED light. For the LED lights, there exist a relationship between light, electricity and thermal energy that is optimized to achieve the highest luminal flux to the input power ratio. As a result, this paper uses the photo-electro-thermal theory and heatsink characteristics and bidirectional Zeta-Sepic converter to drive the LED lights at the operating voltage, in which the LED light optimal luminous flux occurs. Finally, the proposed LED light system is analyzed and validated in different operational conditions using MATLAB/SIMULINK. As useful experimentation, a photo collector sphere was built in the laboratory to calculate and validate the optimal working point of the light by measuring the LED light intensity through sensors instalLED on it.

Introduction Cyclamen persicum is a genus of Primulaceae family and is a winter pot plant that can be marketed within seven months under proper growing conditions. In recent years, the rapid development of lighting technology has increased the use of several types of LED lamps because of their efficient roles to generate visible light via a lot of wavelengths. Application of some plant growth regulators (PGRs) like GA3 is well-known as an environment-friendly growth regulatorwhich is extensively employed to increase the productivity and and changing the phenotypic features of several ornamental plants. Materials and Methods In this experiment, cyclamen large red flower seeds, i. e. the Halios series, were planted in early May, and then kept in a dark and cool greenhouse for one month. After germination and the emergence of cotyLEDonary leaves, transplants exposed to two levels of the LED light spectrum for 4 months consisting of the ratios of 70: 20: 10 and 40: 40: 20 via white: red and blue with the same intensity 100 µmol/m2/s subjected to a 16-hour photoperiodic conditions. At the end of the third month of growth, GA3 was sprayed on the leaves at four concentrations of 0, 20, 40, and 60 mg/l three times around the experiment. NPK fertilizer with a ratio of 10-52-10 was then applied once a week and a ratio of 20-19-19 fertilizer until the roots were fully established. Afterwards, the leaf area was measured using Digimizer version 5. 4. 3 software, in which the flowering date was calculated from of transferring time the plants of each treatment under light. In the following, chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were measured using Lichtenthaler and Wellburn method. Leaf soluble sugar was measured using the Oregon method and the chlorophyll fluorescence indices were measured using FluorPen FP 100. Results and Discussion According to the results, the highest leaf number of cyclamen seedlings in the treatment of 40: 40: 20 was equal to seven, whereas the highest leaf area (9. 8 cm2) observed under the light treatment of 70: 20: 10. the blue LED light can affects on differentiation of leaf mesophilic cells as well as the development of intercellular spaces, and the red light affects the production of a plant hormone so-calLED Meta-Topolin, which stimulates cell division and leaf expansion. Here, it should be noted that adding white LED light to the composition spectrum increases both growth and photosynthesis because of its deeper penetration into the plant canopy. The maximum root length was achieved at a concentration of 60 mg/l GA3 equal to 5. 1 cm. It should be mentioned that GA3 is effective to increase the growth of cells in different parts of the plant (such as roots) by stimulating mitotic division. The closest date to cyclamen flowering time (90 days) was obtained in 70: 20: 10 treatment. . The highest amount of chlorophyll b was achieved from the interaction of light treatment 40: 40: 20 and concentration of 0 mg/l GA3 equal to 0. 35 mg/g. Results showed that the red light is needed for the photosynthesis, whereas the blue light is needed for chlorophyll and chloroplast synthesis, stomatal opening, and photomorphogenesis. The highest amount of leaf soluble sugar of cyclamen seedlings was achieved from the interaction of 40: 40: 20 and the concentration of 0 mg/l GA3 equal to 0. 53 mg/ml. Carbohydrates mostly accumulate in the leaves under blue light, whereas the red light can cause them to accumulate by preventing the transferring the photosynthetic products from the leaves. Among chlorophyll fluorescence indices, the highest VJ index was obtained from 40 mg/l GA3 concentration equal to 0. 51. VJ was measured from the first light pulse, in which its increase via increasing the performance of the photosynthetic apparatus reveal the ability of seedlings to make better use of environmental conditions applied to produce more carbohydrates as well as to enhance the growth quality. The highest values of φ-E0 and Ψ-0 indices in GA3 0 treatment were 0. 44 and 0. 54, respectively, indicating that increasing them improves the performance index of the photosynthetic apparatus. The external GA3 increases only the amount of chlorophyll and soluble protein content in the leaves of some plants, and interferes with the greater light reflection, chlorophyll fluorescence and eventually the performance of photosystem II. In this regard, the highest amount of ABS/RC index was observed in the interaction of 40: 40: 20 and concentration of 60 mg/l GA3 equal to 2. 27, which is equal to increasing the performance index of photosynthetic device. During the plant growth, the use of monochromatic LED light compared to the full visible spectrum or red + blue lights would lead to creating some defects in the electron transport chain. Conclusion An increase in PI (Plant Photosynthetic Performance Index) means that the plant is operating under conditions of normal photosynthesis. In general, an increase in this index indicates the ability of seedlings or mature plants to make better use of environmental conditions to produce more carbohydrates and improve growth quality. The relationship between increasing the amount of chlorophyll b, leaf soluble sugar and ABS / RC index all in 40: 40: 20 treatment while confirming this correlation, shows that since most of the light absorption by chlorophyll is in the red and blue light spectrum. 40: 40: 20 is better than 70: 20: 10 with more red and blue light. The effect of light of any quality or GA3 at any concentration on the qualitative traits of seedling or adult plant growth is directly related to plant genotype and no specific effects can be determined for them. The use of complementary LED light may in some respects lead to a further increase in the quality of Cyclamen seedlings, but it is only reasonable to use them if it compensates for other production costs, including electricity consumption. Finally, chlorophyll fluorescence indices are also independent of each other in terms of their effect on the performance of the photosynthetic apparatus.

Purpose: One of the most important subtropical fruits in Iran is Japanese persimmon. Persimmon is a climacteric fruit and continues to ripening after the harvest. One of the main quality components in persimmon fruit is its appearance due to the presence of different carotenoid pigments. Persimmon has also high antioxidant capacity. The use of LED lights is one of the most important commercial techniques to increase the quality and postharvest life of the fruits. In the present study, the effect of LED lights on the coloring and antioxidant capacity of persimmon fruit was studied. Research method: The Karaj genotype of persimmon was harvested at commercial stage and exposed to white and red LED lights (at intensity of 40-60 candle/W) up to 21 days at 10°, C and 80% RH, as the control fruit was stored at dark conditions. Findings: The results showed that the samples of red LED light had higher color index and lower hue°,and L * values as compared to control or white LED light samples. Therefore, the red light induced the coloring in persimmon fruit, but the white light did not show such an effect. Also, both white and red LED lights have resulted in better preservation and increased antioxidant capacity in persimmon fruit as compared to control. Research limitations: No limitations were encountered. Originality/Value: based on the results of this experiment, LED lights are effective treatments in maintaining and increasing the quality of Japanese persimmon at the postharvest stage, and have potential to further investigation and commercialization.

amioculcas zamiifolia plant is one the most valuable foliage plants which is commonly propagated using vegetative methods.  This technique requires a great number of mother plants to provide adequate cuttings for commercial propagation which hardly seem to meet the most economical expectations. However, due to the slow growth habit of this plant, even under ideal growing conditions, its commercial and mass production are limited by some species-related characteristics. Therefore, developing an improved method of micropropagation which lead to a fast and reliable mass propagation technique may overcome most of these limitations especially at commercial scale. In this regard, this research was conducted and aimed to introduce an efficient micropropagation method in in-vitro condition for rapid propagation of this plant. Two different concentrations of BAP (1 and 2 mg L-1) and NAA (0 and 0.1 2 mg L-1 ) were applied on the explants taken from one of the three different positions of the leaflets (i.e., lower, middle and upper parts) cultured in MS medium and treated with blue (400-500 nm) or red (600-700 nm) light supplied by LED luminaries The results showed that the best treatment for callus and protocorm formation with the maximum stimulation (93.75%) and (66.66%) was the application of 2 mg/L BAP along with 0.1 mg/L NAA in The light was red. Callus production occurred in cut surfaces by 90% under blue and 85% under red light, while these lights induced protocorm indirectly by 80% and 90% respectively, leaving the rest to be regenerated by directly. Blue and red light induced protocorm emergence by 95% and 97% respectively from the cut surface and the parts around the cut location were responsible for the emergence of the remained protocorms. The highest rate of regeneration of protocorms (95%) in the treatment of 0.1 mg/liter NAA was indirect, and in the absence of NAA, callus generation was 92% and vprotocorms were formed 100% at the cut surface. Protocorm regeneration in lower and middle parts of leaflets occurred 75% as indirectly, and no regeneration was observed in the middle and upper parts of the leaflets. In general, the best combination of the applied treatments for the both callus and protocorm regeneration was found as follows: BA 2 mg L -1 with NAA 0.1 mg L -1 applied for explants of lower parts of the leaflets under red light spectrum.

Research Aim: Iris Pseudacorus is a perennial herbaceous plant with yellow flowers belonging to the Iridaceae family which is used as an ornamental plant. The light changes LED to different morphogenetic and photosynthetic responses in some ornamental plants. LED lights could improve the growth and physiological development of plantlets and affects the morphogenesis and secondary metabolite production of plants. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effects of the LED lights on the growth, development, physiological and morphological indices of the Iris Pseudacorus.Research method: This experiment was conducted with a factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design with two factors of light intensity (1500 and 3000 lux) and light quality 100% white (control), 100% red light, 100% blue light, 20% red + 80% blue, 40% red + 60% blue, 60% red + 40% blue and 80% red + 20% Blue} by using 4 replications The measured morphological and physiological traits were leaf number and length, leaf area, fresh weight, percentage of regeneration, Survival rate, root number and length, total phenol and flavonoid, chlorophyll a, b and total and carotenoid. Finding: Analysis of variance results showed that the interaction of different light intensities and qualities on the evaluated indices was not significant. It also indicated that the light intensity treatment had a significant effect on leaf number, leaf length and leaf area and total phenol content (P<0.01) and fresh weight, survival percentage, regeneration percentage, total flavonoids content, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids (P<0.05). Also, light quality treatment significantly affected total phenols and flavonoid content (P<0.01). A comparison of the mean for the effect of different light intensities indicated that the highest leaf number, leaf length, leaf area, survival percentage, regeneration percentage, and also the highest fresh weight, total phenol, total flavonoids, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll was observed in 3000 lux light intensity. Also, a comparison of the mean data obtained from the effect of different light qualities showed that the highest amount of total phenol (mg GAE / g FW038.3) and total flavonoids (GAE / g FW 8.796 mg) was observed in 100% blue light treatment.Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, it can be concluded that light intensity compared to different light qualities has a more significant influence on morphological and physiological parameters of in vitro plantlets of the Yellow Flag. The results also indicated that with increasing light intensity from 1500 to 3000 lux, morphological and physiological indices of Yellow Flag plantlets were significantly enhanced. It indicates that increasing light intensity in mass and commercial production of this plant under in vitro conditions would be effective.